As cannabis becomes more widely accepted in various regions, you’ve probably heard of its two main compounds: CBD (cannabidiol) and THC (tetrahydrocannabinol). Both are cannabinoids found in cannabis plants, but they have distinct effects on the body. Here’s a breakdown of the key differences and similarities between CBD and THC.
What is THC?
THC, or delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, is the primary psychoactive component in cannabis that produces the “high” sensation when consumed. Whether you smoke marijuana or use edibles, THC is the compound that alters brain function, creating feelings of euphoria.
Although marijuana is legalized for medical or recreational use in many states, THC remains classified as a Schedule 1 controlled substance under federal law in the U.S., meaning it’s considered to have a high potential for abuse and no accepted medical use. However, it’s worth noting that certain states permit the use of THC for medical purposes with a prescription.
THC is available in several forms:
- Herbal/flower: Dried cannabis leaves and buds, often smoked or added to food.
- Hash/hashish: A compressed or purified form of cannabis resin.
- Hash oil: The most concentrated form of THC, extracted from cannabis resin.
What is CBD?
CBD, short for cannabidiol, is another compound derived from the cannabis plant, though it doesn’t produce a psychoactive high like THC. CBD has gained popularity for its potential health benefits, including the treatment of conditions like anxiety, chronic pain, and epilepsy.
CBD can be found in various products, including oils, extracts, patches, vapes, and topicals. In 2018, the FDA approved Epidiolex, the first CBD-based drug for treating certain types of epilepsy.
Where Do CBD and THC Come From?
Both CBD and THC are derived from the Cannabis sativa plant, but there are key differences in where they come from.
- CBD is typically extracted from hemp, a variety of Cannabis sativa that contains less than 0.3% THC.
- THC comes from marijuana, another type of Cannabis sativa, which contains higher concentrations of THC (above 0.3%).
These compounds are extracted from the resin of female cannabis plants, particularly from the buds and leaves.
CBD vs. THC Chemical Structure
Though CBD and THC share the same molecular formula—21 carbon atoms, 30 hydrogen atoms, and 2 oxygen atoms—their atoms are arranged differently. This difference affects how the two compounds interact with your body’s endocannabinoid system, leading to distinct effects.
How CBD and THC Affect the Body
- CBD Effects:
Scientists believe that CBD works by targeting various receptors in the body, reducing inflammation and altering calcium levels in brain cells to facilitate cell communication. However, more research is needed to fully understand CBD’s mechanisms.One issue with CBD products is the potential for inconsistent labeling. In a study, over 25% of CBD products tested contained less CBD than indicated and some contained THC, which could result in a false positive on drug tests. - THC Effects:
THC affects parts of the brain linked to pleasure, stimulating the release of dopamine, the „feel-good” hormone. The more THC consumed, the more intense the high. In recent years, marijuana plants have been bred to contain higher levels of THC, with the average concentration rising from 4% in the 1990s to about 15% today.This increased potency can lead to more pronounced psychoactive effects, including hallucinations, delusions, and even psychosis in some users.
Benefits of CBD vs. THC
Both CBD and THC are being studied for their potential health benefits. Here’s a quick comparison:
- CBD may help with:
- Anxiety
- Inflammation
- Nerve-related pain
- THC is being researched for its potential to treat:
- Muscle stiffness and spasms from MS or ALS
- Chronic pain
- Epilepsy and seizures
- Parkinson’s disease tremors
- Nausea and appetite stimulation
- Glaucoma
- PTSD
CBD vs. THC for Anxiety
Both CBD and THC are thought to have effects on anxiety, but they work differently. Some studies suggest that lower doses of THC can help reduce anxiety, while higher doses may increase anxiety. Meanwhile, CBD is often associated with calming effects, though more research is needed to confirm its effectiveness for anxiety in humans.
Side Effects of CBD vs. THC
- THC Side Effects:
- Memory and concentration issues
- Dizziness
- Nausea and vomiting
- Increased heart rate
- Breathing problems
- Drowsiness
- CBD Side Effects:
- Nausea
- Diarrhea
- Upset stomach
- Fatigue
- Lightheadedness
- Irritability
- Low blood pressure
Both compounds can also interact with medications, so it’s essential to consult a healthcare provider before using them.
Legality of CBD and THC
Cannabis laws are evolving rapidly.
- CBD: Hemp-derived CBD (with less than 0.3% THC) is legal at the federal level but regulated differently across states.
- THC: While medical marijuana is legal in 38 states and territories, THC remains illegal under federal law. However, several synthetic cannabinoids, such as dronabinol and nabilone, are FDA-approved for treating conditions like nausea and appetite loss.
A federal review of marijuana’s classification is currently underway, which may lead to changes in its legal status.
FAQs
What’s the difference between THC and CBD?
THC is psychoactive and can make you feel high, while CBD is non-psychoactive and does not induce a high.
What’s the difference between hemp, CBD, and THC?
Hemp is a type of cannabis plant that contains less than 0.3% THC. CBD is typically derived from hemp, whereas THC comes from marijuana, which has higher THC levels.
Takeaway
CBD and THC both offer potential health benefits but in different ways. THC can make you feel high, while CBD does not. Both compounds are being studied for their effects on conditions like pain, anxiety, and inflammation. Be sure to research local laws and consult a doctor before using CBD or THC products, especially if you’re on other medications.